## Section1.1Linear Models

###### Investigation1.1Sales on Commission

Delbert is offered a part-time job selling restaurant equipment. He will be paid $1000 per month plus a 6% commission on his sales. The sales manager tells Delbert he can expect to sell about$8000 worth of equipment per month. To help him decide whether to accept the job, Delbert does a few calculations.

1. Based on the sales manager’s estimate, what monthly income can Delbert expect from this job? What annual salary would that provide?

2. What would Delbert’s monthly salary be if he sold only $5000 of equipment per month? What would his salary be if he sold$10,000 worth per month? Compute monthly incomes for each sales total shown in the table.

 Sales Income 5000 8000 10,000 12,000 15,000 18,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000
3. Plot your data points on a graph, using sales, $S\text{,}$ on the horizontal axis and income, $I\text{,}$ on the vertical axis, as shown in the figure. Connect the data points to show Delbert’s monthly income for all possible monthly sales totals.

5. Write an algebraic expression for Delbert’s monthly income, $I\text{,}$ in terms of his monthly sales, $S\text{.}$ Use the description in the problem to help you:

He will be paid: $1000 . . . plus a 6% commission on his sales. Income $= \underline{\hspace{6.818181818181818em}}$ 6. Test your formula from part (5) to see if it gives the same results as those you recorded in the table. 7. Use your formula to find out what monthly sales total Delbert would need in order to have a monthly income of$2500.

8. Each increase of $1000 in monthly sales increases Delbert’s monthly income by . 9. Summarize the results of your work: In your own words, describe the relationship between Delbert’s monthly sales and his monthly income. Include in your discussion a description of your graph. ### SubsectionTables, Graphs and Equations The first step in creating a model is to describe relationships between variables. In Investigation 1.1, we analyzed the relationship between Delbert's sales and his income. Starting from a verbal description, we represented the relationship in three different ways. 1. A table of values displays specific data points with precise numerical values. 2. A graph is a visual display of the data. It is easier to spot trends and describe the overall behavior of the variables from a graph. 3. An algebraic equation is a compact summary of the model. It can be used to analyze the model and to make predictions We begin our study of modeling with some examples of linear models. In the examples that follow, observe the interplay among the three modeling tools, and how each contributes to the model. ###### Example1.1 Annelise is on vacation at a seaside resort. She can rent a bicycle from her hotel for$3 an hour, plus a $5 insurance fee. (A fraction of an hour is charged as the same fraction of$3.)

1. Make a table of values showing the cost, $C\text{,}$ of renting a bike for various lengths of time, $t\text{.}$

2. Plot the points on a graph. Draw a curve through the data points.

3. Write an equation for $C$ in terms of $t\text{.}$

Solution
1. To find the cost, we multiply the time by $3, and add the result to the$5 insurance fee. For example, the cost of a 1-hour bike ride is

\begin{align*} \text{Cost}\amp=(\$5\text{ insurance fee})+(\$3\text{ per hour})\times(\alert{1}\text{ hour})\\ C\amp=5+3(\alert{1})=8 \end{align*}

A 1-hour bike ride costs 8. We record the results in a table, as shown here:  Length of rental (hours) Cost of rental (dollars) $(t,C)$ $1$ $8$ $C=5+3(\alert{1})$ $(1,8)$ $2$ $11$ $C=5+3(\alert{2})$ $(2,11)$ $3$ $14$ $C=5+3(\alert{3})$ $(3,14)$ 2. Each pair of values represents a point on the graph. The first value gives the horizontal coordinate of the point, and the second value gives the vertical coordinate. The points lie on a straight line, as shown in the figure. The line extends infinitely in only one direction, because negative values of $t$ do not make sense here. 3. To write an equation, we let $C$ represent the cost of the rental, and we use $t$ for the number of hours: \begin{align*} \text{Cost}\amp=(\5\text{ insurance fee})+(\3\text{ per hour})\times\text{(number of hours)}\\ C\amp=5+3\cdot t \end{align*} ###### Example1.2 Use the equation $C=5+3\cdot t$ you found in Example 1.1 to answer the following questions. Then show how to find the answers by using the graph. 1. How much will it cost Annelise to rent a bicycle for 6 hours? 2. How long can Annelise bicycle for18.50?

Solution
1. We substitute $t=\alert{6}$ into the expression for $C$ to find

A 6-hour bike ride will cost $23. The point $P$ on the graph in the figure represents the cost of a 6-hour bike ride. The value on the $C$-axis at the same height as point $P$ is 23, so a 6-hour bike ride costs$23.

2. We substitute $C=\alert{18.50}$ into the equation and solve for $t\text{.}$

For $18.50 Annelise can bicycle for 4½ hours. The point $Q$ on the graph represents an$18.50 bike ride. The value on the $t$-axis below point $Q$ is 4.5, so $18.50 will buy a 4.5 hour bike ride. ###### Note1.3 In Example 1.2, notice the different algebraic techniques we used in parts (a) and (b). • In part (a), we were given a value of $t$ and we evaluated the expression $5+3t$ to find $C\text{.}$ • In part (b) we were given a value of $C$ and we solved the equation $C=5+3t$ to find $t\text{.}$ ###### Checkpoint1.4 Frank plants a dozen corn seedlings, each 6 inches tall. With plenty of water and sunlight they will grow approximately 2 inches per day. Complete the table of values for the height, $h\text{,}$ of the seedlings after $t$ days.  $t$ $0$ $5$ $10$ $15$ $20$ $h$ 1. Write an equation for the height of the seedlings in terms of the number of days since they were planted. 2. Graph the equation. Answer 1. $h = 6 + 2t$ ###### Checkpoint1.5 Use your equation from Checkpoint 1.4 to answer the questions. Illustrate each answer on the graph. 1. How tall is the corn after 3 weeks? 2. How long will it be before the corn is 6 feet tall? Hint For part (b), convert feet to inches. Answer 1. $48$ inches tall 2. $33$ days ### SubsectionChoosing Scales for the Axes To create a useful graph, we must choose appropriate scales for the axes. • The axes must extend far enough to show the values of the variables. • The tick marks should be equally spaced. • Usually we should use no more than 10 or 15 tick marks. ###### Example1.6 In 1990, the median price of a home in the US was$92,000. The median price increased by about $4700 per year over the next decade. 1. Make a table of values showing the median price of a house in 1990, 1994, 1998, and 2000. 2. Choose suitable scales for the axes and plot the values you found in part (a) on a graph. Use $t\text{,}$ the number of years since 1990, on the horizontal axis and the price of the house, $P\text{,}$ on the vertical axis. Draw a curve through the points. 3. Write an equation that expresses $P$ in terms of $t\text{.}$ 4. How much did the price of the house increase from 1990 to 1996? Illustrate the increase on your graph. Solution 1. In 1990 the median price was$92,000. Four years later, in 1994, the price had increased by $\alert{4}(4700)=18,800$ dollars, so

In 1998 the price had increased by $\alert{8}(4700)=37,600$ dollars, so

You can verify the price of the house in 2000 by a similar calculation.

 Year Price of House) $(t,P)$ $1990$ $92,000$ $(0,\, 92,000)$ $1994$ $110,800$ $(4,\, 110,800)$ $1998$ $129,600$ $(8,\, 129,600)$ $2000$ $139,000$ $(10,\, 139,000)$
2. We let $t$ stand for the number of years since 1990, so that $t=0$ in 1990, $t=4$ in 1994, and so on. To choose scales for the axes, we look at the values in the table. For this graph we scale the horizontal axis, or $t$-axis, in 1-year intervals and the vertical axis, or $P$-axis, for $90,000 to$140,000 in intervals of $5,000. The points lie on a straight line, as shown in the figure. 3. Look back at the calculations in part (a). The price of the house started at$92,000 in 1990 and increased by $t \times 4700$ dollars after $t$ years. Thus,

\begin{equation*} P=92,000+4700t \end{equation*}
4. We find the points on the graph for 1990 and 1996. These points lie above $t=0$ and $t=6$ on the $t$-axis. Next we find the values on the $P$-axis corresponding to the two points. The values are $P=92,000$ in 1990 and $P=120,200$ in 1996. The increase in price is the difference of the two $P$-values.

\begin{align*} \text{increase in price}\amp=120,200-92,000\\ \amp=28,200 \end{align*}

The price of the home increased $28,200 between 1990 and 1996. This increase is indicated by the arrows in the figure. ###### Note1.7 The graphs in the preceding examples are increasing graphs . As we move along the graph from left to right (in the direction of increasing $t$ ), the second coordinate increases as well. Try Checkpoint 1.8, which illustrates a decreasing graph. ###### Checkpoint1.8 Silver Lake has been polluted by industrial waste products. The concentration of toxic chemicals in the water is currently 285 parts per million (ppm). Environmental officials would like to reduce the concentration by 15 ppm each year. 1. Complete the table of values showing the desired concentration, $C,$ of toxic chemicals $t$ years from now. For each $t$-value, calculate the corresponding value for $C\text{.}$ Write your answers as ordered pairs.  $t$ $C$ $(t,C)$ $0$ $C=285-15(\alert{0})$ $(0, ~~~~ )$ $5$ $C=285-15(\alert{5})$ $(5, ~~~~ )$ $10$ $C=285-15(\alert{10})$ $(10, ~~~~ )$ $15$ $C=285-15(\alert{15})$ $(15, ~~~~ )$ 2. To choose scales for the axes, notice that the value of $C$ starts at 285 and decreases from there. We'll scale the vertical axis up to 300, and use 10 tick marks at intervals of 30. Graph the ordered pairs on the grid, and connect them with a straight line. Extend the graph until it reaches the horizontal axis, but no farther. Points with negative $C$-coordinates have no meaning for the problem. 3. Write an equation for the concentration, $C\text{,}$ of toxic chemicals $t$ years from now. Hint For part (c): The concentration is initially 285 ppm, and we subtract 15 ppm for each year that passes, or $15 \times t\text{.}$ Answer 1.  $(t,C)$ $(0,285)$ $(5,210)$ $(10,135)$ $(15,60)$ 2. $C = 285 - 15t$ ###### Note1.9 In the previous Checkpoint, we extend the graph until it reaches the horizontal axis, but no farther. Points with negative $C$-coordinates have no meaning for the problem. ###### Technology1.10Graphing an Equation We can use a graphing calculator to graph an equation. On most calculators, we follow three steps. To Graph an Equation: 1. Press Y= and enter the equation you wish to graph. 2. Press WINDOW and select a suitable graphing window. 3. Press GRAPH ###### Example1.11Using a Graphing Calculator In Example 1.6, we found the equation \begin{equation*} P = 92,000 + 4700t \end{equation*} for the median price of a house $t$ years after 1990. Graph this equation on a calculator. Solution To begin, we press Y= and enter \begin{equation*} Y1 = 92,000 + 4700X \end{equation*} For this graph, we’ll use the grid in Example 1.6 for our window settings, so we press WINDOW and enter  Xmin$=0$ Xmax$=10$ Ymin$=90,000$ Ymax$=140,000$ Finally, we press GRAPH. The calculator's graph is shown in the figure. ###### Checkpoint1.12 1. Solve the equation $2y - 1575 = 45x$ for $y$ in terms of $x\text{.}$ 2. Graph the equation on a graphing calculator. Use the window  Xmin$=-50$ Xmax$=50$ Xscl$=5$ Ymin$=-500$ Ymax$=1000$ Yscl$=100$ 3. Sketch the graph on paper. Use the window settings to choose appropriate scales for the axes. Answer 1. $y = (1575 + 45x)/ 2$ ### SubsectionLinear Equations All the models in the preceding examples have equations with a similar form: \begin{equation*} \blert{y=\text{(starting value)}+\text{(rate of change)}\cdot x} \end{equation*} (We'll talk more about rate of change in Section 1.4.) Their graphs were all portions of straight lines. For this reason such equations are called linear equations. The order of the terms in the equation does not matter. For example, the equation in Example 1.1, \begin{equation*} C=5+3t \end{equation*} can be written equivalently as \begin{equation*} -3t+C=5 \end{equation*} and the equation in Example 1.6, \begin{equation*} P=92,000+4700t \end{equation*} can be written as \begin{equation*} -4700t +P=92,000 \end{equation*} This form of a linear equation, $Ax+By=C \text{,}$ is called the general form. ###### General Form for a Linear Equation The graph of any equation \begin{equation*} Ax+By=C \end{equation*} where $A$ and $B$ are not both equal to zero, is a straight line. ###### Example1.13 The manager at Albert's Appliances has$3000 to spend on advertising for the next fiscal quarter. A 30-second spot on television costs $150 per broadcast, and a 30-second radio ad costs$50.

1. The manager decides to buy $x$ television ads and $y$ radio ads. Write an equation relating $x$ and $y\text{.}$

2. Make a table of values showing several choices for $x$ and $y\text{.}$

3. Plot the points from your table, and graph the equation.

Solution

###### 3

On October 31, Betty and Paul fill their $250$-gallon oil tank for their heater. Beginning in November, they use an average of $15$ gallons of oil per week. Complete the table of values for the amount of oil, $A\text{,}$ left in the tank after $w$ weeks.

 $w$ $0$ $4$ $8$ $12$ $16$ $A$ $\hphantom{0000}$ $\hphantom{0000}$ $\hphantom{0000}$ $\hphantom{0000}$ $\hphantom{0000}$
1. Write an equation that expresses the amount of oil, $A\text{,}$ in the tank in terms of the number of weeks, $w\text{,}$ since October 31.

2. Graph the equation.

3. How much did the amount of fuel oil in the tank decrease between the third week and the eighth week? Illustrate this amount on the graph.

4. When will the tank contain more than $175$ gallons of fuel oil? Illustrate on the graph.

###### 4

Leon's camper has a $20$-gallon gas tank, and he gets $12$ miles to the gallon. (That is, he uses $\frac{1}{12}$ gallon per mile.) Complete the table of values for the amount of gas, $g\text{,}$ left in Leon's tank after driving $m$ miles.

 $m$ $0$ $48$ $96$ $144$ $192$ $g$ $\hphantom{0000}$ $\hphantom{0000}$ $\hphantom{0000}$ $\hphantom{0000}$ $\hphantom{0000}$
1. Write an equation that expresses the amount of gas, $g\text{,}$ in Leon's fuel tank in terms of the number of miles, $m\text{,}$ he has driven.

2. Graph the equation.

3. How much gas will Leon use between 8 a.m., when his odometer reads $96$ miles, and 9 a.m., when the odometer reads $144$ miles? Illustrate on the graph.

4. If Leon has less than $5$ gallons of gas left, how many miles has he driven? Illustrate on the graph.

###### 5

Phil and Ernie buy a used photocopier for $$800$ and set up a copy service on their campus. For each hour that the copier runs, Phil and Ernie make$$40\text{.}$

1. Write an equation that expresses Phil and Ernie's profit (or loss), $P\text{,}$ in terms of the number of hours, $t\text{,}$ they run the copier.

2. Find the intercepts and sketch the graph. (Suggestion: Scale the horizontal axis from $0$ to $40$ in increments of $5\text{,}$ and scale the vertical axis from $-1000$ to $400$ in increments of $100\text{.}$)

3. What do the intercepts tell us about the profit?

###### 6

A deep-sea diver is taking some readings at a depth of $400$ feet. He begins rising at $20$ feet per minute.

1. Write an equation that expresses the diver’s altitude, $h\text{,}$ in terms of the number of minutes, $m\text{,}$ elapsed. (Consider a depth of $400$ feet as an altitude of $-400$ feet.)

2. Find the intercepts and sketch the graph. (Suggestion: Scale the horizontal axis from $0$ to $24$ in increments of $2\text{,}$ and scale the vertical axis from $-500$ to $100$ in increments of $50\text{.}$)

3. What do the intercepts tell us about the diver's depth?

###### 7

There are many formulas for estimating the annual cost of driving. The Automobile Club estimates that fixed costs for a small car—including insurance, registration, depreciation, and financing—total about $$5000$ per year. The operating costs for gasoline, oil, maintenance, tires, and so forth are about $12.5$ cents per mile. (Source: Automobile Association of America) 1. Write an equation for the annual driving cost, $C\text{,}$ in terms of $d\text{,}$ the number of miles driven. 2. Complete the table of values.  Miles Driven $4000$ $8000$ $12,000$ $16,000$ $20,000$ Cost ($) $\hphantom{0000}$ $\hphantom{0000}$ $\hphantom{0000}$ $\hphantom{0000}$ $\hphantom{0000}$
3. Choose scales for the axes and graph the equation.

4. How much does the annual cost of driving increase when the mileage increases from $8000$ to $12,000$ miles? Illustrate this amount on the graph.

5. How much mileage will cause the annual cost to exceed $$7000\text{?}$ Illustrate on the graph. ###### 8 The boiling point of water changes with altitude. At sea level, water boils at $212\degree$F, and the boiling point diminishes by approximately $0.002\degree$F for each $1$-foot increase in altitude. 1. Write an equation for the boiling point, $B\text{,}$ in terms of $a\text{,}$ the altitude in feet. 2. Complete the table of values.  Altitude (ft) $-500$ $0$ $1000$ $2000$ $3000$ $4000$ $5000$ Boiling point ($\degree$F) $\hphantom{0000}$ $\hphantom{0000}$ $\hphantom{0000}$ $\hphantom{0000}$ $\hphantom{0000}$ $\hphantom{0000}$ $\hphantom{0000}$ 3. Choose scales for the axes and graph the equation. 4. How much does the boiling point decrease when the altitude increases from $1000$ to $3000$ feet? Illustrate this amount on the graph. 5. At what altitudes is the boiling point less than $204\degree$F? Illustrate on the graph. For each table, choose appropriate scales for the axes and plot the given points. ###### 9  $x$ $0$ $80$ $90$ $120$ $y$ $6$ $2$ $1.5$ $1$ ###### 10  $x$ $300$ $500$ $800$ $1100$ $y$ $1.2$ $1.3$ $1.5$ $1.9$ ###### 11  $x$ $0.01$ $0.03$ $0.06$ $0.07$ $y$ $-0.2$ $-1$ $-1.1$ $-2$ ###### 12  $x$ $0.003$ $0.005$ $0.008$ $0.011$ $y$ $6$ $2$ $1.5$ $1$ For Problems 13-18, 1. Find the intercepts of the graph. 2. Graph the equation by the intercept method. ###### 13 $x + 2y = 8$ ###### 14 $2x - y = 6$ ###### 15 $3x - 4y =12$ ###### 16 $2x + 6y = 6$ ###### 17 $\displaystyle{\frac{x}{9}- \frac{y}{4}= 1}$ ###### 18 $\displaystyle{\frac{x}{5}+ \frac{y}{8}= 1}$ For Problems 19-24, 1. Find the intercepts of the graph. 2. Use the intercepts to choose scales for the axes, and then graph the equation by the intercept method. ###### 19 $20x = 30y - 45,000$ ###### 20 $30x = 45y + 60,000$ ###### 21 $0.4x + 1.2y = 4.8$ ###### 22 $3.2x - 0.8y = 12.8$ ###### 23 $\displaystyle{\frac{2x}{3}+ \frac{3y}{11}= 1}$ ###### 24 $\displaystyle{\frac{8x}{7}- \frac{2y}{7}= 1}$ ###### 25 The owner of a gas station has$$19,200$ to spend on unleaded gas this month. Regular unleaded costs him $$2.40$ per gallon, and premium unleaded costs$$3.20$ per gallon.

1. How much do $x$ gallons of regular cost? How much do $y$ gallons of premium cost?

2. Write an equation in general form that relates the amount of regular unleaded gasoline, $x\text{,}$ the owner can buy and the amount of premium unleaded, $y\text{.}$

3. Find the intercepts and sketch the graph.

4. What do the intercepts tell us about the amount of gasoline the owner can purchase?

###### 26

Five pounds of body fat is equivalent to $16,000$ calories. Carol can burn $600$ calories per hour bicycling and $400$ calories per hour swimming.

1. How many calories will Carol burn in $x$ hours of cycling? How many calories will she burn in $y$ hours of swimming?

2. Write an equation in general form that relates the number of hours, $x\text{,}$ of cycling and the number of hours, $y\text{,}$ of swimming Carol needs to perform in order to lose $5$ pounds.

3. Find the intercepts and sketch the graph.

4. What do the intercepts tell us about Carol's exercise program?

###### 27

Delbert must increase his daily potassium intake by $1800$ mg. He decides to eat a combination of figs and bananas, which are both low in sodium. There are $9$ mg potassium per gram of fig, and $4$ mg potassium per gram of banana.

1. How much potassium is in $x$ grams of fig? How much potassium is in $y$ grams of banana?

2. Write an equation in general form that relates the number of grams, $x\text{,}$ of fig and the number of grams, $y\text{,}$ of banana Delbert needs to get $1800$ mg of potassium.

3. Find the intercepts and sketch the graph.

4. What do the intercepts tell us about Delbert's diet?

###### 28

Leslie plans to invest some money in two CD accounts. The first account pays $3.6\%$ interest per year, and the second account pays $2.8\%$ interest per year. Leslie would like to earn \$$500$ per year on her investment.

1. If Leslie invests $x$ dollars in the first account, how much interest will she earn? How much interest will she earn if she invests $y$ dollars in the second account?

2. Write an equation in general form that relates $x$ and $y$ if Leslie earns $\500$ interest.

3. Find the intercepts and sketch the graph.

4. What do the intercepts tell us about Leslie's investments?

###### 29

Find the intercepts of the graph for each equation.

1. $\displaystyle{\frac{x}{3}+\frac{y}{5}=1}$

2. $\displaystyle{2x - 4y = 1}$

3. $\displaystyle{\frac{2x}{5}-\frac{2y}{3}=1}$

4. $\displaystyle{\frac{x}{p}+\frac{y}{q}=1}$

$\hphantom{00}$ e. Why is the equation $\displaystyle{\frac{x}{a}+\frac{y}{b}=1}$ called the intercept form for a line?

###### 30

Write an equation in intercept form (see Problem 29) for the line with the given intercepts. Then write the equation in general form.

1. $(6, 0), (0, 2)$

2. $(-3, 0), (0, 8)$

3. $\left(\dfrac{3}{4}, 0\right), \left(0, \dfrac{-1}{4}\right)$

4. $(v, 0), (0, -w)$

5. $\left(\dfrac{1}{H}, 0\right), \left(0, \dfrac{1}{T}\right)$

###### 31
1. Find the $y$-intercept of the line $y = mx + b\text{.}$

2. Find the $x$-intercept of the line $y = mx + b\text{.}$

###### 32
1. Find the $y$-intercept of the line $Ax + By = C\text{.}$

2. Find the $x$-intercept of the line $Ax + By = C\text{.}$

Write an equation in general form for each line.

###### 36

For Problems 37–44,

1. Solve each equation for $y$ in terms of $x\text{.}$ (See the Algebra Skills Refresher Section A.2 to review this skill.)

2. Graph the equation on your calculator in the specified window.

3. Make a pencil and paper sketch of the graph. Label the scales on your axes, and the coordinates of the intercepts.

###### 37

$2+y=6$

\begin{align*} {\text{Xmin}} \amp = -10 \amp\amp {\text{Ymin}} = -10\\ {\text{Xmax}} \amp = 10 \amp\amp {\text{Ymax}} = 10\\ {\text{Xscl}} \amp = 1 \amp\amp {\text{Yscl}} = 1 \end{align*}
###### 38

$8 - y + 3x = 0$

\begin{align*} {\text{Xmin}} \amp = -10 \amp\amp {\text{Ymin}} = -10\\ {\text{Xmax}} \amp = 10 \amp\amp {\text{Ymax}} = 10\\ {\text{Xscl}} \amp = 1 \amp\amp {\text{Yscl}} = 1 \end{align*}
###### 39

$3x - 4y = 1200$

\begin{align*} {\text{Xmin}} \amp = -1000 \amp\amp {\text{Ymin}} = -1000\\ {\text{Xmax}} \amp = 1000 \amp\amp {\text{Ymax}} = 1000\\ {\text{Xscl}} \amp = 100 \amp\amp {\text{Yscl}} = 100 \end{align*}
###### 40

$x + 2y = 500$

\begin{align*} {\text{Xmin}} \amp = -1000 \amp\amp {\text{Ymin}} = -1000\\ {\text{Xmax}} \amp = 1000 \amp\amp {\text{Ymax}} = 1000\\ {\text{Xscl}} \amp = 100 \amp\amp {\text{Yscl}} = 100 \end{align*}
###### 41

$0.2x + 5y = 0.1$

\begin{align*} {\text{Xmin}} \amp = -1 \amp\amp {\text{Ymin}} = -0.1\\ {\text{Xmax}} \amp = 1 \amp\amp {\text{Ymax}} = 0.1\\ {\text{Xscl}} \amp = 0.1 \amp\amp {\text{Yscl}} = 0.01 \end{align*}
###### 42

$1.2x - 4.2y = 3.6$

\begin{align*} {\text{Xmin}} \amp = -1 \amp\amp {\text{Ymin}} = -1\\ {\text{Xmax}} \amp = 4 \amp\amp {\text{Ymax}} = 1\\ {\text{Xscl}} \amp = 0.2 \amp\amp {\text{Yscl}} = 0.1 \end{align*}
###### 43

$70x + 3y = y + 420$

\begin{align*} {\text{Xmin}} \amp = 0 \amp\amp {\text{Ymin}} = 0\\ {\text{Xmax}} \amp = 10 \amp\amp {\text{Ymax}} = 250\\ {\text{Xscl}} \amp = 1 \amp\amp {\text{Yscl}} = 25 \end{align*}
###### 44

$40y - 5x = 780 - 20y$

\begin{align*} {\text{Xmin}} \amp = -200 \amp\amp {\text{Ymin}} = 0\\ {\text{Xmax}} \amp = 0 \amp\amp {\text{Ymax}} = 20\\ {\text{Xscl}} \amp = 20 \amp\amp {\text{Yscl}} = 2 \end{align*}

For Problems 45–52,

1. Find the $x$- and $y$-intercepts.

2. Solve the equation for $y\text{.}$

3. Choose a graphing window in which both intercepts are visible, and graph the equation on your calculator.

###### 45

$x + 4y = 100$

###### 46

$2x - 3y = -72$

###### 47

$25x - 20y = 1$

###### 48

$4x + 75y = 60,000$

###### 49

$\dfrac{y}{12} - \dfrac{x}{60}= 1$

###### 50

$\dfrac{x}{80} + \dfrac{y}{400}= 1$

###### 51

$-2x = 3y + 84$

###### 52

$7x = 91 - 13y$